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Tension (geology)
In geology, the term "tension" refers to a stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction. One important result of tensile stress is jointing in rocks. However, tensile stress is rare because most subsurface stress is compressive, due to the weight of the overburden.
==Jointing==
Tensile stress forms joints in rocks. A joint is a fracture that forms within a rock, whose movement to open the fracture is greater than the lateral movement that takes place. Joints are formed in the direction perpendicular to the least principal stress, meaning that they are formed perpendicular to the tensile stress.〔 Chrowder, Thomas and Rollin D. Salisbury Chamberlin. "Geology: Geologic Processes and their results." 2nd ed. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1909. Print. 〕 One way in particular that joints can be formed is due to fluid pressure, as well as at the crest of folds in rocks. This occurs at the peak of the fold or due to the fluid pressure because a localized tensile stress forms, eventually leading to jointing.〔Secor, Donald. "Role of Fluid Pressure in Jointing". Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina, Columbia, 1965. eBook. 〕 Another way in which joints form is due to the change in the weight of the overburden. Since rocks lay under a great deal of overburden, they undergo high temperatures and high pressures. Over time, the rocks are eroded and the weight of the overburden is lifted, so the rocks cool and are under less pressure, which causes the rock to change shape, often forming breaks. As the compression is lifted from the rocks, they are able to react to the tension on them by forming these breaks, or joints.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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